This cluster involves an array of skills such as analytical thinking, cognitive processes, critical thinking, decision-making, problem framing, complex problem solving, reasoning, ideation, and systems skills (Līce, et al., 2023). Thinking skills and competences involve the application of mental processes like gathering, conceptualizing, analysing, synthesising, and evaluating information obtained from observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication (ESCO, 2023 as cited in Līce, et al., 2023). These skills empower individuals to assess and utilise diverse information to plan activities, achieve goals, resolve challenges, and undertake complex tasks in both routine and novel contexts.
Critical thinking requires intellectual discipline, according to the Foundation for Critical Thinking. It refers to the capacity to analyse information The process of actively and successfully conceiving, applying, analysing, synthesising, and/or evaluating knowledge as a basis for belief and action. Problem-solving, in contrast, refers to the process of defining a problem, identifying its source, and choosing potential solutions, then putting a solution into practice (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2023).
In the STEM landscape, understanding critical thinking, problem-solving, and systems thinking not only facilitates effective decision-making but also contributes to the holistic development of individuals prepared to excel in intricate scenarios.